{"id":23096,"date":"2025-12-05T01:25:26","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T01:25:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/?p=23096"},"modified":"2025-12-05T06:37:11","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T06:37:11","slug":"bending-stainless-steel-tubing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/pt\/bending-stainless-steel-tubing\/","title":{"rendered":"Dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel: guia especializado"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>O a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel \u00e9 um dos materiais mais utilizados na ind\u00fastria. Como resultado, a dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel \u00e9 um processo de conforma\u00e7\u00e3o comum para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de pe\u00e7as met\u00e1licas para uma variedade de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es. Engenheiros e projetistas consideram essa opera\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00edtica para tubula\u00e7\u00f5es e sistemas. No entanto, precisamos dominar a t\u00e9cnica correta. <a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/pt\/sheet-metal-bending\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><u>processo de dobra de metal<\/u><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>O uso crescente de alguns materiais de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel de alta qualidade torna seu processamento complexo. Portanto, \u00e9 vital entender como dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o. Neste artigo, apresentaremos a maneira mais eficiente de dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o. Al\u00e9m disso, ajudaremos voc\u00ea a aproveitar ao m\u00e1ximo o processo.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>No\u00e7\u00f5es b\u00e1sicas e desafios da dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Usar a\u00e7o para prototipagem personalizada pode ser desafiador. Isso ocorre porque \u00e9 um metal muito duro. No entanto, \u00e9 um material d\u00factil e male\u00e1vel. Pode ser facilmente moldado em v\u00e1rios formatos usando diferentes processos. Processo de Dobramento de Metal: Um processo que auxilia no processamento de tubos de a\u00e7o em v\u00e1rios formatos \u00fateis.<\/p>\n<p>Embora seja poss\u00edvel dobrar a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel em v\u00e1rios formatos, essa t\u00e9cnica pode exigir muita press\u00e3o direta de ferramentas especializadas. Quando se trata de dobrar materiais de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel, o foco se volta para a maior dificuldade da dobra. Essa dificuldade geralmente depende da espessura do tubo.<\/p>\n<p>Tubos com paredes espessas geralmente exigem mais press\u00e3o para serem dobrados. Al\u00e9m disso, o tamanho e o formato de certos tubos podem exigir o uso de equipamentos de dobra especializados. Al\u00e9m disso, o risco de retorno el\u00e1stico \u00e9 um problema consider\u00e1vel ao dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Como dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel s\u00e3o dif\u00edceis de trabalhar. No entanto, alguns m\u00e9todos podem ajudar a simplificar o processo. Esta se\u00e7\u00e3o descreve como dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel usando o m\u00e9todo mais eficiente.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Dobramento de tubo de mandril<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>M\u00e1quinas de dobrar tubos com estiramento rotativo s\u00e3o geralmente utilizadas para dobrar tubos met\u00e1licos com mandril. Um mandril \u00e9 uma ferramenta usada para manter a forma do tubo durante o processo de dobra. O mandril pode incluir a\u00e7o esf\u00e9rico adicional para garantir que permane\u00e7a dentro da se\u00e7\u00e3o dobrada durante o processo.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-23106\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Dobramento de tubo de mandril\" width=\"861\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending.jpg 861w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 861px) 100vw, 861px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A configura\u00e7\u00e3o para dobra de tubo de mandril inclui:<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Matriz de press\u00e3o<\/b><\/strong>:A matriz de press\u00e3o segura a por\u00e7\u00e3o tangencial ou reta do tubo de a\u00e7o.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Matriz de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/b><\/strong>:A matriz de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o gira o tubo de a\u00e7o ao redor da matriz de dobra.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Um mandril<\/b><\/strong>:O mandril suporta o interior do tubo de a\u00e7o na curva e pode incluir algumas esferas articuladas.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Matriz raspadora<\/b><\/strong>: A matriz raspadora faz contato com o tubo antes do ponto tangente do raio interno. Ela limpa a pe\u00e7a de trabalho para evitar rugas no raio interno.<\/p>\n<p>A dobra de tubos por mandril domina o processo de dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel. Isso \u00e9 especialmente verdadeiro em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es que exigem raios menores. Ao decidir como dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel com raio, o processo de dobra de tubos por mandril deve ser utilizado. Este m\u00e9todo proporciona o melhor controle da ovaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e do afinamento da parede.<\/p>\n<p>O uso de um mandril no di\u00e2metro interno (DI) auxilia no fluxo de material durante a dobra. Da mesma forma, o molde de compress\u00e3o suporta o di\u00e2metro externo (DE). Esses componentes trabalham em conjunto para manter o DE e o DI do tubo consistentes durante as opera\u00e7\u00f5es de dobra de metal. A dobra de tubos com mandril ajuda a prevenir os problemas de dobra mais comuns, especialmente o retorno el\u00e1stico. Al\u00e9m disso, previne vincos, achatamentos e tor\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Rolos de tr\u00eas rolos<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A dobra por rolo ou dobra em \u00e2ngulo \u00e9 um bom m\u00e9todo para pe\u00e7as maiores. Geralmente consiste em tr\u00eas rolos dispostos em forma de pir\u00e2mide. Al\u00e9m disso, dependendo do tamanho da se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal, pode-se utilizar a fresagem vertical ou horizontal. Os rolos podem ser movidos para formar um raio amplo e definido.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23105\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Dobra de tr\u00eas rolos\" width=\"768\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending.jpg 731w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A m\u00e1quina decide quais rolos se movem para cada lado. O raio do tubo \u00e9 determinado pela posi\u00e7\u00e3o do rolo central. Algumas m\u00e1quinas possuem um rolo superior que se move para cima e para baixo para obter o \u00e2ngulo correto. Em algumas m\u00e1quinas, os dois rolos inferiores se movem enquanto o rolo superior permanece parado.<\/p>\n<p>Os fabricantes costumam usar a dobra por rolo para criar espirais. O operador pode levantar o tubo ap\u00f3s cada rota\u00e7\u00e3o, criando assim uma bobina cont\u00ednua. Nesse caso, a pe\u00e7a de trabalho deve ter um raio grande, espa\u00e7ado em um di\u00e2metro. No entanto, se as bobinas estiverem muito espa\u00e7adas, um rolo adicional \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio. Este rolo ajuda a guiar o tubo para fora durante a forma\u00e7\u00e3o da bobina.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Dobramento por estiramento rotativo<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Este m\u00e9todo \u00e9 semelhante ao processo de dobra de tubos com mandril, mas sem o mandril. Ele melhora a precis\u00e3o dos componentes do tubo e permite misturas complexas sem distor\u00e7\u00e3o. Este processo de dobra de metal geralmente utiliza um dispositivo de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o para apoiar a m\u00e1quina.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23104\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Dobramento por estiramento rotativo\" width=\"768\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending.jpg 873w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>O dispositivo puxa o tubo para um formato igual ao raio do tubo. Com essa t\u00e9cnica, a dobra por estiramento permite que o tubo seja dobrado em um \u00e2ngulo agudo. Al\u00e9m disso, excelente precis\u00e3o e consist\u00eancia podem ser mantidas.<\/p>\n<p>A dobra rotativa por estiramento \u00e9 um processo comum usado por fabricantes para pe\u00e7as tubulares em estruturas e m\u00e1quinas. Exemplos incluem gaiolas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o, guid\u00f5es de bicicleta e corrim\u00e3os.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Flex\u00e3o por compress\u00e3o<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A dobra por compress\u00e3o \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo eficaz para dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel. Este m\u00e9todo utiliza uma matriz de compress\u00e3o para dobrar o material em torno de uma matriz de dobra fixa. O sistema primeiro prende o tubo atr\u00e1s do ponto de corte traseiro. A matriz de compress\u00e3o ent\u00e3o ajuda a &quot;comprimir&quot; a pe\u00e7a de trabalho sobre a matriz de dobra.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23103\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components.jpg\" alt=\"Flex\u00e3o por compress\u00e3o\" width=\"768\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components.jpg 900w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>A dobra por compress\u00e3o funciona melhor em pe\u00e7as sim\u00e9tricas. Esses tubos t\u00eam curvas semelhantes em ambos os lados. Esses tubos podem ser dobrados em uma \u00fanica configura\u00e7\u00e3o usando uma m\u00e1quina com duas cabe\u00e7as de dobra. Portanto, voc\u00ea pode optar por usar esse m\u00e9todo quando a circularidade da curva n\u00e3o for o fator mais importante.<\/p>\n<p>Quando se deseja aumentar a produ\u00e7\u00e3o e, ao mesmo tempo, reduzir custos, a dobra por compress\u00e3o \u00e9 ben\u00e9fica para velocidade e economia. No entanto, n\u00e3o recomendamos esse m\u00e9todo para tubos com raio central (CLR) menor que o dobro do di\u00e2metro da dobra. Ou seja, uma dobra de 1 polegada requer um m\u00ednimo de 2 polegadas de linha central para uma qualidade de dobra adequada.<\/p>\n<p>Voc\u00ea precisa de outro <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/pt\/types-of-metal-bending\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tipo de processo de dobra de metal<\/a><\/strong> ? Se voc\u00ea precisa dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel, a Yonglihao Machinery pode fornecer qualidade <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/pt\/metal-bending-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>servi\u00e7os de dobra de metais<\/u><\/a><\/strong>. Entre em contato conosco para obter um or\u00e7amento hoje mesmo.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Considera\u00e7\u00f5es para dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>H\u00e1 uma s\u00e9rie de quest\u00f5es e aspectos estruturais que voc\u00ea deve considerar ao decidir como dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o. Os mais importantes est\u00e3o listados abaixo:<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Raio de curvatura<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o geralmente requer um raio menor. Na maioria dos casos, o afinamento da parede externa do tubo dobrado resulta em deforma\u00e7\u00e3o do tubo dobrado. Isso pode ser evitado usando um mandril como suporte. Isso mostra que o processo de dobra por mandril \u00e9 a op\u00e7\u00e3o mais confi\u00e1vel neste caso espec\u00edfico.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0s vezes, a obten\u00e7\u00e3o de um raio menor faz com que o a\u00e7o exceda seu limite el\u00e1stico. Isso geralmente leva a deforma\u00e7\u00f5es como vincos e ondula\u00e7\u00f5es. Nesses casos, a dobra em tr\u00eas rolos ou a dobra por estiramento rotativo s\u00e3o as op\u00e7\u00f5es preferidas.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, raios de curvatura menores frequentemente exigem uma aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7a mais precisa. Dependendo do di\u00e2metro interno e da espessura do tubo, curvas de 180 graus podem ser obtidas. No entanto, um formato de &quot;U&quot; maior pode ser necess\u00e1rio para manter a integridade estrutural e o formato interno.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Limite de escoamento<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>A resist\u00eancia ao escoamento \u00e9 outro fator importante a ser considerado ao dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel. A resist\u00eancia ao escoamento \u00e9 uma das propriedades do a\u00e7o que aumenta a probabilidade de retorno el\u00e1stico. Materiais com maiores resist\u00eancias ao escoamento apresentam maiores raz\u00f5es de deforma\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e1stica. Esses materiais tamb\u00e9m apresentar\u00e3o maior retorno el\u00e1stico em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com materiais com menores resist\u00eancias ao escoamento.<\/p>\n<p>Portanto, antes de dobrar um a\u00e7o, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio calcular sua resist\u00eancia ao escoamento. Cada dobra produz uma deforma\u00e7\u00e3o apropriada. Portanto, a resist\u00eancia ao escoamento deve ser verificada em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 quantidade exata de deforma\u00e7\u00e3o esperada.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Espessura do material<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Varia\u00e7\u00f5es na espessura do material s\u00e3o uma quest\u00e3o importante ao dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel. Varia\u00e7\u00f5es de espessura podem ter um efeito consider\u00e1vel quando os fabricantes buscam obter toler\u00e2ncias de dobra precisas. \u00c9 comum discutir a espessura de v\u00e1rios a\u00e7os inoxid\u00e1veis em termos de valores m\u00e9dios. No entanto, a espessura real do material est\u00e1, na verdade, dentro de uma faixa espec\u00edfica.<\/p>\n<p>Como resultado, mesmo pequenas varia\u00e7\u00f5es de espessura podem ter um efeito dr\u00e1stico no \u00e2ngulo de curvatura. Isso pode ter um impacto significativo no desempenho, especialmente se toler\u00e2ncias rigorosas forem necess\u00e1rias. \u00c9 importante observar que certos materiais podem exigir for\u00e7as de curvatura maiores do que outros durante a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de tubos personalizados. A\u00e7os inoxid\u00e1veis mais espessos exigem for\u00e7as de curvatura maiores do que a\u00e7os inoxid\u00e1veis mais finos.<\/p>\n<p>Dobrar um material mais espesso dentro de um raio especificado criar\u00e1 mais deforma\u00e7\u00e3o do que dobrar um material mais fino. Quanto mais espessa a parede do tubo, maior a press\u00e3o que ele pode suportar. Da mesma forma, quanto mais fina a parede do tubo, maior a probabilidade de ele ceder durante a dobra.<\/p>\n<p>Portanto, recomenda-se ajustar a pot\u00eancia de dobra corretamente para evitar inconsist\u00eancias e deforma\u00e7\u00f5es do material. Isso significa que voc\u00ea deve escolher o processo correto e configurar a m\u00e1quina corretamente.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Tubos de a\u00e7o soldados e sem costura<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Tanto tubos de a\u00e7o sem costura quanto soldados podem ser dobrados. No entanto, tubos de a\u00e7o sem costura dobram melhor quando o raio necess\u00e1rio \u00e9 pequeno. Tubos soldados, por outro lado, t\u00eam paredes mais finas e, portanto, s\u00e3o mais adequados para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es de di\u00e2metros maiores. Costuras em tubos soldados podem afetar a consist\u00eancia da curvatura. Isso se deve ao fato de que pontos de concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de tens\u00e3o s\u00e3o criados no tubo.<\/p>\n<p>Devido \u00e0s concentra\u00e7\u00f5es de tens\u00f5es, a press\u00e3o de trabalho dos tubos soldados \u00e9 20% menor do que a dos tubos sem costura. Al\u00e9m disso, devemos considerar a possibilidade de erros na forma\u00e7\u00e3o da costura de solda. Isso resultaria em um arredondamento incorreto do tubo, o que impediria a curvatura adequada do tubo de a\u00e7o soldado.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Raio de curvatura de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>O raio de curvatura de um tubo de a\u00e7o \u00e9 o raio medido a partir de sua linha central. As ferramentas de raio de curvatura geralmente variam de acordo com a m\u00e1quina. No entanto, os dobradores de tubos mais comumente usados seguem regras pr\u00e1ticas precisas.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">\u00c2ngulo de curvatura<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8 (9\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4 (9\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/4 (3\/4)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16 (15\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8 (15\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/2 (1 1\/2)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">30\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">45\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">50\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">55\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">60\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">65\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">70\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">75\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">80\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">85\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">9\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">90\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">11\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><strong>O raio de curvatura de tra\u00e7\u00e3o padr\u00e3o \u00e9 2 x D<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Isso indica que um tubo com di\u00e2metro de 20 mm requer um raio de curvatura de 40 mm. Raios de curvatura menores (\u00bd x D) s\u00e3o conceb\u00edveis. No entanto, raios de curvatura menores que 2 x D costumam ser mais caros.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Raio de curvatura m\u00ednimo de 7 x D<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>As propriedades do material e a espessura da parede afetam o raio m\u00ednimo de curvatura. Portanto, \u00e9 tecnicamente seguro cumprir o padr\u00e3o 7 x D. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 recomend\u00e1vel fornecer toler\u00e2ncias maiores no raio de curvatura.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Devido \u00e0 sua facilidade de montagem, os tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel s\u00e3o utilizados em uma ampla variedade de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es. Eles tamb\u00e9m podem suportar ambientes severos, como altas temperaturas e press\u00f5es. Essa \u00e9 uma das qualidades que tornam o a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel valioso em determinados setores.<\/p>\n<p>Por exemplo, na ind\u00fastria automotiva, m\u00e1quinas CNC podem usar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel para produzir silenciadores de alta qualidade, pois eles podem suportar as altas press\u00f5es que passam por eles.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, o a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel \u00e9 usado em dispositivos m\u00e9dicos, estruturas de pain\u00e9is solares, m\u00e1quinas industriais e fia\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica. Os tubos de a\u00e7o podem ser fabricados em diversos formatos e espessuras, o que os torna ainda mais \u00fateis.<\/p>\n<p>Tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel s\u00e3o utilizados em uma variedade de eletrodom\u00e9sticos, sistemas de aquecimento, abastecimento de \u00e1gua e encanamento. Este material vers\u00e1til pode ser utilizado em quase todos os setores, incluindo aeroespacial, automotivo, tecnologia, el\u00e9trico, constru\u00e7\u00e3o civil, alimentos e bebidas, entre outros.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Resumo<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Como mencionado anteriormente, os tubos de a\u00e7o s\u00e3o adequados para uma variedade de ind\u00fastrias e aplica\u00e7\u00f5es. Al\u00e9m disso, o advento de m\u00e1quinas avan\u00e7adas e m\u00e9todos modernos melhorou a precis\u00e3o da dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o. Portanto, escolher os materiais, t\u00e9cnicas e equipamentos certos aumentar\u00e1 suas chances de obter o tubo de a\u00e7o dobrado ideal.<\/p>\n<p>Se voc\u00ea deseja aprender sobre m\u00e9todos mais econ\u00f4micos e obter a orienta\u00e7\u00e3o adequada para dobrar a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel, entre em contato conosco. Os servi\u00e7os de usinagem CNC e dobra de metais da Yonglihao Machinery s\u00e3o ideais para voc\u00ea!<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00e9m disso, oferecemos servi\u00e7os personalizados de processamento e fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de tubos de a\u00e7o que voc\u00ea n\u00e3o encontrar\u00e1 em nenhum outro lugar. Nossa equipe qualificada oferece <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/pt\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">servi\u00e7os de prototipagem r\u00e1pida<\/a><\/strong> A pre\u00e7os competitivos. Al\u00e9m disso, nossa equipe de profissionais pode oferecer orienta\u00e7\u00e3o especializada para o seu projeto. Em seguida, ajudaremos voc\u00ea a produzir o tubo de a\u00e7o ideal com a mais alta qualidade.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Perguntas frequentes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Qu\u00e3o dif\u00edcil \u00e9 dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Devido \u00e0 dureza do material, dobrar tubos de a\u00e7o pode ser bastante dif\u00edcil. No entanto, escolher o fabricante certo e estar bem informado sobre os procedimentos e ferramentas pode tornar todo o processo mais tranquilo.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>A dobra de tubos de a\u00e7o por mandril \u00e9 melhor do que a dobra por rolo?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>O m\u00e9todo a ser utilizado depende das suas necessidades de dobra. A dobra por mandril \u00e9 adequada para opera\u00e7\u00f5es de dobra com raios menores, evitando achatamento, vincos e tor\u00e7\u00f5es. A dobra por rolo, por outro lado, \u00e9 mais adequada para tubos mais finos com raios maiores.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Quais s\u00e3o as \u00e1reas de aplica\u00e7\u00e3o dos tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Muitas empresas utilizam tubos de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel para diversas finalidades. Eles s\u00e3o utilizados em uma ampla gama de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, incluindo eletrodom\u00e9sticos, componentes automotivos e aeron\u00e1uticos, eletr\u00f4nicos, sistemas de tubula\u00e7\u00e3o, dispositivos m\u00e9dicos e muito mais.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless steel is one of the most commonly used materials in manufacturing. As a result, bending stainless steel tubing is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23108,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[227],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23096","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-metal-bending-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Expert Guide to Bending Stainless Steel Tubing Techniques<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Master the techniques of bending stainless steel tubing! 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