{"id":23096,"date":"2025-12-05T01:25:26","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T01:25:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/?p=23096"},"modified":"2025-12-05T06:37:11","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T06:37:11","slug":"bending-stainless-steel-tubing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/fr\/bending-stainless-steel-tubing\/","title":{"rendered":"Cintrage de tubes en acier inoxydable\u00a0: guide de l&#039;expert"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>L&#039;acier inoxydable est l&#039;un des mat\u00e9riaux les plus couramment utilis\u00e9s en production. Par cons\u00e9quent, le cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de formage courant pour la production de pi\u00e8ces m\u00e9talliques destin\u00e9es \u00e0 diverses applications. Les ing\u00e9nieurs et les concepteurs le consid\u00e8rent comme une op\u00e9ration essentielle pour les syst\u00e8mes de tuyauterie et de tubes. Cependant, il est essentiel de ma\u00eetriser la technique appropri\u00e9e. <a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/fr\/sheet-metal-bending\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><u>proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de pliage du m\u00e9tal<\/u><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>L&#039;utilisation croissante de certains aciers inoxydables haut de gamme complexifie leur traitement. Il est donc essentiel de comprendre comment cintrer les tubes en acier. Dans cet article, nous vous pr\u00e9senterons la m\u00e9thode la plus efficace pour cintrer les tubes en acier. Nous vous aiderons \u00e9galement \u00e0 optimiser ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Principes fondamentaux et d\u00e9fis du cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Utiliser l&#039;acier pour le prototypage personnalis\u00e9 peut s&#039;av\u00e9rer complexe. En effet, c&#039;est un m\u00e9tal tr\u00e8s dur, mais ductile et mall\u00e9able. Il peut \u00eatre facilement moul\u00e9 selon diff\u00e9rentes formes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents proc\u00e9d\u00e9s. Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de cintrage des m\u00e9taux\u00a0: proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permettant de transformer des tubes en acier en diverses formes utiles.<\/p>\n<p>Bien qu&#039;il soit possible de cintrer l&#039;acier inoxydable selon diverses formes, cette technique peut n\u00e9cessiter une pression directe importante exerc\u00e9e par des outils sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. Le cintrage de mat\u00e9riaux en acier inoxydable est particuli\u00e8rement complexe, notamment en raison de l&#039;\u00e9paisseur du tube.<\/p>\n<p>Les tubes \u00e0 parois \u00e9paisses n\u00e9cessitent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une pression plus importante pour \u00eatre pli\u00e9s. De plus, la taille et la forme de certains tubes peuvent n\u00e9cessiter l&#039;utilisation d&#039;\u00e9quipements de cintrage sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s. De plus, le risque de retour \u00e9lastique est un probl\u00e8me majeur lors du cintrage de tubes en acier inoxydable.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Comment plier un tube en acier inoxydable<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Les tubes en acier inoxydable sont difficiles \u00e0 travailler. Cependant, certaines m\u00e9thodes peuvent simplifier le processus. Cette section d\u00e9crit comment cintrer des tubes en acier inoxydable de la mani\u00e8re la plus efficace.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Cintrage de tubes au mandrin<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les cintreuses de tubes \u00e0 \u00e9tirage rotatif sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement utilis\u00e9es pour le cintrage au mandrin des tubes m\u00e9talliques. Un mandrin est un outil servant \u00e0 maintenir la forme du tube pendant le cintrage. Il peut \u00eatre dot\u00e9 d&#039;une sph\u00e8re d&#039;acier suppl\u00e9mentaire pour garantir son maintien dans la section cintr\u00e9 pendant le cintrage.<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-23106\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Cintrage de tubes au mandrin\" width=\"861\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending.jpg 861w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Mandrel-Tube-Bending-768x513.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 861px) 100vw, 861px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>La configuration pour le cintrage de tubes au mandrin comprend :<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>matrice de pression<\/b><\/strong>:La matrice de pression maintient la partie tangentielle ou droite du tube en acier.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>matrice de serrage<\/b><\/strong>:La matrice de serrage fait tourner le tube en acier autour de la matrice de pliage.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>Un mandrin<\/b><\/strong>:Le mandrin soutient l&#039;int\u00e9rieur du tube en acier dans le coude et peut inclure des billes d&#039;articulation.<\/p>\n<p><strong><b>matrice de grattoir<\/b><\/strong>: La matrice racleuse entre en contact avec le tube avant le point de tangence du rayon int\u00e9rieur. Elle essuie la pi\u00e8ce pour \u00e9viter la formation de plis sur le rayon int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n<p>Le cintrage des tubes au mandrin est la m\u00e9thode dominante du cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable. Cela est particuli\u00e8rement vrai pour les applications n\u00e9cessitant des rayons plus petits. Pour d\u00e9terminer le rayon de cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable, il est conseill\u00e9 d&#039;utiliser le cintrage au mandrin. Cette m\u00e9thode offre un contr\u00f4le optimal de l&#039;ovalisation et de l&#039;amincissement des parois.<\/p>\n<p>L&#039;utilisation d&#039;un mandrin au niveau du diam\u00e8tre int\u00e9rieur (DI) favorise l&#039;\u00e9coulement de la mati\u00e8re pendant le cintrage. De m\u00eame, le moule de compression soutient le diam\u00e8tre ext\u00e9rieur (DE). Ces composants fonctionnent ensemble pour maintenir les diam\u00e8tres ext\u00e9rieur et int\u00e9rieur du tube constants pendant les op\u00e9rations de cintrage. Le cintrage des tubes au mandrin permet d&#039;\u00e9viter les probl\u00e8mes de cintrage les plus courants, notamment le retour \u00e9lastique. De plus, il pr\u00e9vient les plis, l&#039;aplatissement et le vrillage.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Rouleaux \u00e0 trois rouleaux<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Le cintrage par roulage ou par angle est une m\u00e9thode efficace pour les pi\u00e8ces de grandes dimensions. Il consiste g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en trois rouleaux dispos\u00e9s en pyramide. De plus, selon la taille de la section transversale, le fraisage peut \u00eatre vertical ou horizontal. Les rouleaux peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9plac\u00e9s pour former un grand rayon d\u00e9fini.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23105\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Pliage \u00e0 trois rouleaux\" width=\"768\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending.jpg 731w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Three-Roll-Bending-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>La machine d\u00e9termine le d\u00e9placement des rouleaux vers chaque c\u00f4t\u00e9. Le rayon du tube ou du tuyau est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par la position du rouleau central. Certaines machines sont \u00e9quip\u00e9es d&#039;un rouleau sup\u00e9rieur qui se d\u00e9place de haut en bas pour obtenir l&#039;angle correct. Sur d&#039;autres machines, les deux rouleaux inf\u00e9rieurs se d\u00e9placent tandis que le rouleau sup\u00e9rieur reste immobile.<\/p>\n<p>Les fabricants utilisent souvent le cintrage par roulage pour cr\u00e9er des spirales. L&#039;op\u00e9rateur peut relever le tube apr\u00e8s chaque tour, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une bobine continue. Dans ce cas, la pi\u00e8ce doit pr\u00e9senter un grand rayon espac\u00e9 d&#039;un diam\u00e8tre. Cependant, si les bobines sont tr\u00e8s espac\u00e9es, un rouleau suppl\u00e9mentaire est n\u00e9cessaire. Ce rouleau permet de guider le tube vers l&#039;ext\u00e9rieur pendant la formation de la bobine.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Pliage par \u00e9tirage rotatif<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Cette m\u00e9thode est similaire au cintrage de tubes au mandrin, mais sans mandrin. Elle am\u00e9liore la pr\u00e9cision des composants du tube et permet de r\u00e9aliser des assemblages complexes sans d\u00e9formation. Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de cintrage du m\u00e9tal utilise g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement un dispositif de support pour la machine.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23104\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending.jpg\" alt=\"Pliage par \u00e9tirage rotatif\" width=\"768\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending.jpg 873w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Draw-Bending-768x528.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Le dispositif de serrage \u00e9tire le tube pour lui donner une forme \u00e9gale \u00e0 son rayon. Cette technique permet de cintrer le tube selon un angle aigu. De plus, une pr\u00e9cision et une r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 excellentes sont assur\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Le cintrage par \u00e9tirage rotatif est un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 couramment utilis\u00e9 par les fabricants pour les pi\u00e8ces tubulaires des structures et des machines. On peut citer comme exemples les arceaux de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, les poign\u00e9es de v\u00e9lo et les rampes.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Compression Flexion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Le cintrage par compression est une m\u00e9thode efficace pour cintrer les tubes en acier inoxydable. Cette m\u00e9thode utilise une matrice de compression pour cintrer le mat\u00e9riau autour d&#039;une matrice fixe. Le syst\u00e8me serre d&#039;abord le tube derri\u00e8re le point de coupe arri\u00e8re. La matrice de compression permet ensuite de \u00ab\u00a0comprimer\u00a0\u00bb la pi\u00e8ce sur la matrice.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-23103\" src=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components.jpg\" alt=\"Compression Flexion\" width=\"768\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components.jpg 900w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/compression-bending-components-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Le cintrage par compression est particuli\u00e8rement efficace sur les pi\u00e8ces sym\u00e9triques. Ces tubes pr\u00e9sentent des courbures similaires des deux c\u00f4t\u00e9s. Ils peuvent \u00eatre cintr\u00e9s en une seule op\u00e9ration \u00e0 l&#039;aide d&#039;une machine \u00e9quip\u00e9e de deux t\u00eates de cintrage. Cette m\u00e9thode peut donc \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e lorsque la rondeur de la courbe n&#039;est pas le facteur le plus important.<\/p>\n<p>Lorsqu&#039;il est souhaitable d&#039;augmenter la production tout en r\u00e9duisant les co\u00fbts, le cintrage par compression est avantageux en termes de rapidit\u00e9 et d&#039;\u00e9conomie. Cependant, nous d\u00e9conseillons cette m\u00e9thode pour les tubes dont le rayon d&#039;axe (CLR) est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 deux fois le diam\u00e8tre du cintrage. Autrement dit, un cintrage de 2,5 cm n\u00e9cessite un axe d&#039;au moins 5 cm pour une qualit\u00e9 de cintrage optimale.<\/p>\n<p>Avez-vous besoin d&#039;un autre <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/fr\/types-of-metal-bending\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">type de proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de pliage des m\u00e9taux<\/a><\/strong> ? Si vous avez besoin de cintrer des tuyaux en acier inoxydable, Yonglihao Machinery peut vous fournir un service de qualit\u00e9 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/fr\/metal-bending-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>services de pliage de m\u00e9taux<\/u><\/a><\/strong>Contactez-nous pour obtenir un devis d\u00e8s aujourd&#039;hui.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Consid\u00e9rations relatives au cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Plusieurs aspects structurels doivent \u00eatre pris en compte pour choisir la m\u00e9thode de cintrage des tubes en acier. Les plus importants sont list\u00e9s ci-dessous\u00a0:<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Rayon de courbure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Le cintrage des tubes en acier n\u00e9cessite souvent un rayon plus petit. Dans la plupart des cas, l&#039;amincissement de la paroi ext\u00e9rieure du tube cintr\u00e9 entra\u00eene une d\u00e9formation de celui-ci. L&#039;utilisation d&#039;un mandrin comme support permet d&#039;\u00e9viter ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne. Le cintrage au mandrin est donc l&#039;option la plus fiable dans ce cas pr\u00e9cis.<\/p>\n<p>Parfois, l&#039;obtention d&#039;un rayon plus petit entra\u00eene un d\u00e9passement de la limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 de l&#039;acier. Cela entra\u00eene g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des d\u00e9formations telles que des plis et des bosses. Dans ce cas, le pliage \u00e0 trois rouleaux ou le pliage par \u00e9tirage rotatif sont les options privil\u00e9gi\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>De plus, des rayons de courbure plus petits n\u00e9cessitent souvent une application de force plus pr\u00e9cise. Selon le diam\u00e8tre int\u00e9rieur et l&#039;\u00e9paisseur du tube, des courbures \u00e0 180 degr\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre obtenues. Cependant, une forme en \u00ab\u00a0U\u00a0\u00bb plus large peut \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaire pour pr\u00e9server l&#039;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 structurelle et la forme interne.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>La limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 est un autre facteur important \u00e0 prendre en compte lors du cintrage de tubes en acier inoxydable. C&#039;est l&#039;une des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de l&#039;acier qui augmente la probabilit\u00e9 de retour \u00e9lastique. Les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e pr\u00e9sentent des coefficients de d\u00e9formation \u00e9lastique plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Ces mat\u00e9riaux pr\u00e9senteront \u00e9galement un retour \u00e9lastique plus important que les mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 plus faible.<\/p>\n<p>Par cons\u00e9quent, avant de plier un acier, il est n\u00e9cessaire de calculer sa limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9. Chaque pliage produit une d\u00e9formation appropri\u00e9e. La limite d&#039;\u00e9lasticit\u00e9 doit donc \u00eatre compar\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9formation exacte attendue.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u00c9paisseur du mat\u00e9riau<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les variations d&#039;\u00e9paisseur du mat\u00e9riau constituent un enjeu important lors du cintrage des tubes en acier inoxydable. Elles peuvent avoir un impact consid\u00e9rable lorsque les fabricants s&#039;efforcent d&#039;obtenir des tol\u00e9rances de cintrage pr\u00e9cises. On parle souvent de l&#039;\u00e9paisseur des diff\u00e9rents aciers inoxydables en termes de valeurs moyennes. Or, l&#039;\u00e9paisseur r\u00e9elle du mat\u00e9riau se situe dans une fourchette pr\u00e9cise.<\/p>\n<p>Par cons\u00e9quent, m\u00eame de faibles variations d&#039;\u00e9paisseur peuvent avoir un impact consid\u00e9rable sur l&#039;angle de cintrage. Cela peut avoir un impact significatif sur les performances, surtout si des tol\u00e9rances strictes sont requises. Il est important de comprendre que certains mat\u00e9riaux peuvent n\u00e9cessiter des forces de cintrage plus importantes que d&#039;autres lors de la production de tubes sur mesure. Un acier inoxydable plus \u00e9pais n\u00e9cessite des forces de cintrage plus importantes qu&#039;un acier inoxydable plus fin.<\/p>\n<p>Le cintrage d&#039;un mat\u00e9riau \u00e9pais dans un rayon donn\u00e9 cr\u00e9e une contrainte plus importante que le cintrage d&#039;un mat\u00e9riau plus fin. Plus la paroi du tube est \u00e9paisse, plus elle peut supporter de pression. De m\u00eame, plus la paroi du tube est fine, plus le risque de rupture lors du cintrage est \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Il est donc recommand\u00e9 de r\u00e9gler correctement la puissance de pliage afin d&#039;\u00e9viter les irr\u00e9gularit\u00e9s et les d\u00e9formations du mat\u00e9riau. Il est donc essentiel de choisir le bon proc\u00e9d\u00e9 et de configurer correctement la machine.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Tubes en acier soud\u00e9s et sans soudure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les tubes en acier sans soudure et soud\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre cintr\u00e9s. Cependant, les tubes en acier sans soudure se plient mieux lorsque le rayon requis est faible. Les tubes soud\u00e9s, en revanche, ont une paroi plus fine et sont donc plus adapt\u00e9s aux applications de grand diam\u00e8tre. Les soudures des tubes soud\u00e9s peuvent affecter la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 du cintrage, car des points de concentration de contraintes se forment sur le tube.<\/p>\n<p>En raison des concentrations de contraintes, la pression de service des tubes soud\u00e9s est inf\u00e9rieure de 20% \u00e0 celle des tubes sans soudure. De plus, il faut tenir compte du risque d&#039;erreurs de formation des cordons de soudure. Cela pourrait entra\u00eener un arrondissement impr\u00e9cis du tube et un cintrage correct du tube en acier soud\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Rayon de courbure des tubes en acier inoxydable<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Le rayon de courbure d&#039;un tube en acier est le rayon mesur\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de son axe central. Les outils de cintrage varient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d&#039;une cintreuse \u00e0 l&#039;autre. Cependant, les cintreuses de tubes les plus courantes suivent des r\u00e8gles empiriques pr\u00e9cises.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">Angle de courbure<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8 (9\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4 (9\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/4 (3\/4)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16 (15\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8 (15\/16)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<th>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/2 (1 1\/2)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">30\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">45\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">50\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">55\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">60\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">65\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">70\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">75\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">80\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">85\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">3\/8<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">9\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">90\u00b0<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">1\/4<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">5\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">7\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"css-175oi2r r-1adg3ll r-11f147o r-3o4zer\">\n<div class=\"css-146c3p1 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-37j5jr r-a023e6 r-16dba41 r-a8ghvy\" dir=\"ltr\"><span class=\"css-1jxf684 r-bcqeeo r-1ttztb7 r-qvutc0 r-poiln3\">11\/16<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><strong>Le rayon de courbure standard en traction est de 2 x D<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Cela indique qu&#039;un tube de 20 mm de diam\u00e8tre n\u00e9cessite un rayon de courbure de 40 mm. Des rayons de courbure plus petits (\u00bd x D) sont envisageables. Cependant, les rayons de courbure inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 2 x D sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus co\u00fbteux.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Rayon de courbure minimum de 7 x D<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s du mat\u00e9riau et l&#039;\u00e9paisseur de la paroi influencent le rayon de courbure minimal. Il est donc techniquement s\u00fbr de respecter la norme 7 x D. Il est \u00e9galement recommand\u00e9 de pr\u00e9voir des tol\u00e9rances plus importantes sur le rayon de courbure.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Application des tubes en acier inoxydable<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur facilit\u00e9 d&#039;assemblage, les tubes en acier inoxydable sont utilis\u00e9s dans une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#039;applications. Ils r\u00e9sistent \u00e9galement aux environnements difficiles, notamment aux temp\u00e9ratures et aux pressions \u00e9lev\u00e9es. C&#039;est l&#039;une des qualit\u00e9s qui rendent l&#039;acier inoxydable pr\u00e9cieux dans certains domaines.<\/p>\n<p>Par exemple, dans l&#039;industrie automobile, les machines CNC peuvent utiliser des tubes en acier inoxydable pour produire des silencieux de haute qualit\u00e9, car ils r\u00e9sistent aux fortes pressions qui les traversent.<\/p>\n<p>L&#039;acier inoxydable est \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9 dans les dispositifs m\u00e9dicaux, les ch\u00e2ssis de panneaux solaires, les machines industrielles et le c\u00e2blage \u00e9lectrique. Les tubes en acier peuvent \u00eatre fabriqu\u00e9s dans une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de formes et d&#039;\u00e9paisseurs, ce qui les rend encore plus utiles.<\/p>\n<p>Les tubes en acier inoxydable sont utilis\u00e9s dans divers appareils \u00e9lectrom\u00e9nagers, syst\u00e8mes de chauffage, d&#039;approvisionnement en eau et de plomberie. Ce mat\u00e9riau polyvalent est utilis\u00e9 dans presque tous les secteurs, notamment l&#039;a\u00e9rospatiale, l&#039;automobile, la technologie, l&#039;\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, la construction, l&#039;agroalimentaire, et bien d&#039;autres.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Comme mentionn\u00e9 pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, les tubes en acier conviennent \u00e0 une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#039;industries et d&#039;applications. De plus, l&#039;av\u00e8nement de machines de pointe et de m\u00e9thodes modernes a am\u00e9lior\u00e9 la pr\u00e9cision du cintrage des tubes en acier. Par cons\u00e9quent, choisir les bons mat\u00e9riaux, techniques et \u00e9quipements augmentera vos chances d&#039;obtenir le tube en acier cintr\u00e9 id\u00e9al.<\/p>\n<p>Pour d\u00e9couvrir des m\u00e9thodes plus \u00e9conomiques et obtenir des conseils adapt\u00e9s au cintrage de l&#039;acier inoxydable, contactez-nous. Les services d&#039;usinage CNC et de cintrage de m\u00e9taux de Yonglihao Machinery r\u00e9pondront parfaitement \u00e0 vos besoins\u00a0!<\/p>\n<p>De plus, nous proposons des services de transformation et de fabrication de tubes en acier sur mesure que vous ne trouverez nulle part ailleurs. Notre \u00e9quipe qualifi\u00e9e vous offre <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/yonglihaomachinery.com\/fr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">services de prototypage rapide<\/a><\/strong> \u00e0 des prix comp\u00e9titifs. De plus, notre \u00e9quipe de professionnels vous apportera des conseils d&#039;experts sur votre conception. Nous vous accompagnerons ensuite dans la fabrication du tube en acier id\u00e9al, d&#039;une qualit\u00e9 irr\u00e9prochable.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Questions fr\u00e9quemment pos\u00e9es<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong>Est-il difficile de plier des tubes en acier inoxydable\u00a0?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>En raison de la duret\u00e9 du mat\u00e9riau, le cintrage des tubes en acier peut s&#039;av\u00e9rer complexe. Cependant, choisir le bon fabricant et bien conna\u00eetre les proc\u00e9dures et les outils permet de simplifier le processus.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Le cintrage des tubes en acier au mandrin est-il meilleur que le cintrage au rouleau\u00a0?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>La m\u00e9thode \u00e0 utiliser d\u00e9pend de vos besoins de cintrage. Le cintrage au mandrin est adapt\u00e9 aux op\u00e9rations de cintrage \u00e0 petit rayon pour \u00e9viter l&#039;aplatissement, le pliage et le vrillage. Le cintrage au rouleau, quant \u00e0 lui, est plus adapt\u00e9 aux tubes plus fins et \u00e0 grand rayon.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Quels sont les domaines d\u2019application des tubes en acier inoxydable ?<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>De nombreuses entreprises utilisent des tubes en acier inoxydable \u00e0 des fins diverses. Ils sont utilis\u00e9s dans un large \u00e9ventail d&#039;applications, notamment l&#039;\u00e9lectrom\u00e9nager, les composants automobiles et a\u00e9ronautiques, l&#039;\u00e9lectronique, les syst\u00e8mes de tuyauterie, les dispositifs m\u00e9dicaux, etc.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless steel is one of the most commonly used materials in manufacturing. 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